| 31. | And since the charm and top quarks have positive electric charge, their flavor quantum numbers are + 1.
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| 32. | In 1995, the discovery of the top quark was announced by researchers who used the Tevatron's D?detectors.
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| 33. | -- DR . PAUL D . GRANNIS, leader of one of the groups that found the top quark.
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| 34. | But the top quark disintegrates into hundred of daughter particles, which in turn decay into cascades of other particles.
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| 35. | One might think they could have simply gazed into their equations and predicted the mass of the top quark.
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| 36. | Scientists said then they expected the actual discovery of the top quark to come within 12 to 18 months.
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| 37. | This is used to make measurements of the mass of particles like the Z boson or the top quark.
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| 38. | The top quark is one of six kinds of quarks believed to make up protons and neutrons inside atoms.
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| 39. | Furthermore, Dalitz was directly involved in pioneering quark research and he participated in the identification of the top quark.
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| 40. | The group calculates the mass of the top quark as about 176 billion electron-volts, give or take about 13 billion.
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