Around 1940, largely via cancer research at Rockefeller Institute, cell biology emerged as a new discipline filling the vast gap between cytology and biochemistry by applying new technology ultracentrifuge and electron microscope to identify and deconstruct cell structures, functions, and mechanisms.
32.
Because of the heat generated by air friction ( even in ultracentrifuges, where the rotor operates in a good vacuum ), and the frequent necessity of maintaining samples at a given temperature, many types of laboratory centrifuges are refrigerated and temperature regulated.
33.
Since Einstein's General Relativity says time dilates in strong gravity fields, and the equivalence principle states that millions of g's of centrifuge acceleration is equal to millions of g's of gravity field, wouldn't time in a modern ultracentrifuge be massively dilated?
34.
In his long career, Wyckoff used electron microscopes to study viruses and the composition of cells, helped develop the ultracentrifuge, a high-speed centrifuge for segregating microscopic and submicroscopic materials to determine the sizes and molecular weights of small particles, and purified the virus that causes equine encephalomyelitis, leading to the development of an effective vaccine to combat an epidemic among horses.
35.
The bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403, 627 g ( i . e . 403, 627 times the gravity experienced on Earth ) . " Paracoccus denitrificans " was one of the bacteria which displayed not only survival but also robust cellular growth under these conditions of hyperacceleration which are usually found only in cosmic environments, such as on very massive stars or in the shock waves of supernovas.
36.
Shortly after the discovery of nuclear fission in December 1938 / January 1939, the " Uranverein ", i . e ., the German nuclear energy project, had an initial start in April before being formed a second time under the " Heereswaffenamt " ( HWA, Army Ordnance Office ) in September 1939 . Beyerle soon brought his industrial expertise to the project for the development of an ultracentrifuge for the enrichment of uranium-235, in collaboration with Paul Harteck, director of the Physical Chemistry Department at the University of Hamburg, and his colleague Wilhelm Groth.
