Non-apical truncation results in forms like " Kalu " from underlying " * Kaluk ", in which the underlying form would end in a non-apical consonant ( i . e . one not produced with the tip of the tongue ).
32.
If the isolation form were adopted as the underlying form, the information that there is a final " t " would be lost, and it would be hard then to explain the appearance of the " t " in the inflected forms.
33.
If it is assumed that the underlying form of the English plural suffix is a sound, the underlying form of " cats " would be . ( The surfaces as an because of the phonological process of devoicing after an unvoiced consonant .)
34.
If it is assumed that the underlying form of the English plural suffix is a sound, the underlying form of " cats " would be . ( The surfaces as an because of the phonological process of devoicing after an unvoiced consonant .)
35.
Thus, " lagau ", the genitive of " laag [ a ] "'place'is in underlying form; the full form of the genitive ending "-ngu " is only retained where the nominal has a monosyllabic stem ( see the section on Nominal Morphology ).
36.
Instead of positing a rich innate and universal syntactic structure ( see Universal Grammar ), Van Valin suggests that the only truly universal parts of a sentence are its nucleus, housing a Chomskyan syntactic theory by not allowing abstract underlying forms or transformational rules and derivations.
37.
Vowels are subject to two rules : penultimate lengthening which means that external realisations may be long vowels while the underlying form is a short vowel and epenthesis which means the insertion of a vowel where the underlying form of the morpheme does not contain one.
38.
Vowels are subject to two rules : penultimate lengthening which means that external realisations may be long vowels while the underlying form is a short vowel and epenthesis which means the insertion of a vowel where the underlying form of the morpheme does not contain one.
39.
Here the underlying form can be assumed to be, corresponding to the isolation form, since rules can be set up to derive the reduced form from this ( while it would be difficult or impossible to set up rules that would derive the isolation form from an underlying ).
40.
The bracketed final vowels in the examples occur because of the feature which most strikingly separates Kusaal from its close relatives : the underlying forms of words, such as "'buuga "'" goat " are found only when the word in question is the last word in a question or a negated statement.
