Ookinetes develop into new sporozoites that migrate to the insect's salivary glands, ready to infect a new vertebrate host.
32.
Like most arboviruses, dengue virus is maintained in nature in cycles that involve preferred blood-sucking vectors and vertebrate hosts.
33.
It now contains about 200 species, which are spread across the world where both the insect and vertebrate hosts are present.
34.
Sexual reproduction and sporogenic development occur within the haemocoel of the invertebrate host, which is subsequently consumed by the vertebrate host.
35.
It has been implicated in the transmission of transposons between it and some of its vertebrate hosts, squirrel monkeys and opossums.
36.
The cycle of biological transmission of trypanosomiasis involves two phases, one inside the tsetse host and the other inside the vertebrate host.
37.
The life-cycles of " Plasmodium " species involve several different stages both in the insect and the vertebrate host.
38.
Infected flies have an altered salivary composition which lowers feeding efficiency and consequently increases the feeding time, promoting trypanosome transmission to the vertebrate host.
39.
Eggs leave the vertebrate host in faeces and use various strategies to infect the first intermediate host, in which sexual reproduction does not occur.
40.
Rodents and birds are the primary vertebrate hosts of the virus; " Ixodes persulcatus " ticks are a vector of the virus.
