Charles had fully emerged as the leader of Western Christendom, and his patronage of monastic centres of learning gave rise to the " Carolingian Renaissance " of literate culture.
32.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the shrine of St Martin of Tours ( including his tomb ) was treated as one of the holiest sites in western Christendom.
33.
They further served to alienate Eastern and Western Christendom from each other and ultimately failed to prevent the march of the Turks into Europe through the Balkans and the Caucasus.
34.
This Benedictine cycle was replaced throughout Western Christendom by a later one, as shown by Irish and English MSS . which give the present hymns for the little hours.
35.
The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects, which often faced persecution by governmental authorities.
36.
The Crusades consolidated the papal leadership of the Latin Church, reinforcing the link between Western Christendom, feudalism and militarism manifesting itself in the habituating of the clergy to violence.
37.
However, I do not believe that either of these great authors was working from original texts, but simply interpreting what was part of the common knowledge of western Christendom.
38.
The Reformation swept through Europe during the 16th Century, ending centuries of unity among Western Christendom and bringing Protestantism into being as both a religious and political opponent of Catholicism.
39.
Historian Mark R . Cohen proposes a comparative approach to understanding Jewish life under Islamic rule, noting that Jews in Islamic lands often experienced less physical violence than Jews under Western Christendom.
40.
By the late 11th century, beginning with the efforts of Pope Gregory VII, the Church successfully established itself as " an autonomous legal and political . . . [ entity ] within Western Christendom ".
