Another useful tool for analyzing transformers is to have the base change formula that allows the engineer to go from a base impedance with one set of a base voltage and base power to another base impedance for a different set of a base voltage and base power.
42.
Another useful tool for analyzing transformers is to have the base change formula that allows the engineer to go from a base impedance with one set of a base voltage and base power to another base impedance for a different set of a base voltage and base power.
43.
In the NPN transistor in what is called active mode, the base emitter voltage V _ { \ text { BE } } and collector base voltage V _ { \ text { CB } } are positive, forward biasing the emitter base junction and reverse-biasing the collector base junction.
44.
And, along with the good safety characteristics of LFP batteries, this makes LFP a good potential replacement for lead-acid batteries in many applications such as automotive and solar applications, provided the charging systems are adapted not to damage the LFP cells through excessive charging voltages, temperature-based voltage compensation, equalisation attempts or continuous trickle charging.
45.
The base voltage of the right transistor T3 is held fixed by a reference voltage source, shaded light green : the voltage divider with a diode thermal compensation ( R1, R2, D1 and D2 ) and sometimes a buffering emitter follower ( not shown on the picture ); thus the emitter voltages are kept relatively steady.
46.
If Q 1 and Q 2 are matched, that is, have substantially the same device properties, and if the mirror output voltage is chosen so the collector-base voltage of Q 2 is also zero, then the " V BE "-value set by Q 1 results in an emitter current in the matched Q 2 that is the same as the emitter current in Q 1.
47.
For example, in the typical grounded-emitter configuration of an NPN BJT used as a pulldown switch in digital logic, the " off " state never involves a reverse-biased junction because the base voltage never goes below ground; nevertheless the forward bias is close enough to zero that essentially no current flows, so this end of the forward active region can be regarded as the cutoff region.
