In the dark, a photoreceptor ( rod / cone ) cell will release glutamate, which inhibits ( hyperpolarizes ) the ON bipolar cells and excites ( depolarizes ) the OFF bipolar cells.
42.
Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent ( motor ) signals to control muscles.
43.
Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve, and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent ( motor ) signals to control muscles.
44.
While it has been discovered that there exists a mixed type of bipolar cells that bind to both rod and cone cells, bipolar cells still predominantly receive their input from cone cells.
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Further, synaptic convergence means that several rod cells are connected to a single bipolar cell, which then connects to a single transmitter molecules reach the synapses of the bipolar cell to hyperpolarize it.
46.
Further, synaptic convergence means that several rod cells are connected to a single bipolar cell, which then connects to a single transmitter molecules reach the synapses of the bipolar cell to hyperpolarize it.
47.
Like horizontal cells, amacrine cells work laterally, but whereas horizontal cells are connected to the output of rod and cone cells, amacrine cells affect the output from bipolar cells, and are often more specialized.
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In essence, this property allows for one population of bipolar cells that gets excited by light and another population that gets inhibited by it, even though all photoreceptors show the same response to light.
49.
However, the effect of glutamate differs in the bipolar cells, depending upon the type of ionotropic receptor, the bipolar cell will depolarize ( and therefore will hyperpolarize with light as less glutamate is released ).
50.
However, the effect of glutamate differs in the bipolar cells, depending upon the type of ionotropic receptor, the bipolar cell will depolarize ( and therefore will hyperpolarize with light as less glutamate is released ).
