Differences in moisture content between the surface and the centre ( gradient, the chemical potential difference between interface and bulk ) move the bound water through the small passageways in the cell wall by diffusion.
42.
The stoichiometry of C-S-H in cement paste is variable and the state of chemically and physically bound water in its structure is not transparent, which is why "-" is used between C, S, and H.
43.
Overhead sprinklers and irrigation systems are effective for large lawns but waste water when it comes to trees, shrubs and small plants . ( Up to 40 percent of air-bound water can be lost to evaporation .)
44.
Hydrogel capsules with large amounts of non-freezable bound water protect the cells from the ice damage and reduce the need for cryoprotectants special substances that minimise or prevent freezing damage and can be toxic in high concentrations.
45.
Although the upper surface contains a few percent of chemically-bound water, ice lies just a few meters deeper, as it has been shown in Arabia Terra, Amazonis quadrangle, and Elysium quadrangle that contain large amounts of water ice.
46.
Much like an individual polymer chain in a melt, a native protein and its closely bound water molecules may be considered not as a solution but as a single processable entity, a nanocomposite termed an " aquamelt ".
47.
This results in faster dephasing of the magnetization that produces the NMR signal and much shorter " T " 2 values ( 2 values are so short, the NMR signal from the protons of bound water is not typically observed in MRI.
48.
While the majority of the His 320 ligands and bound water will not be in their active forms ( protonated and deprotonated, respectively, ) it was calculated that approximately 0.3 % of total urease enzyme would be active at any one time.
49.
The Adda side-chain of microcystin-LR is accommodated to the hydrophobic groove, the carboxylic D-Glu site makes hydrogen bonds to metal-bound water molecules and the carboxyl group of the Masp site makes hydrogen bonds to conserved arginine and tyrosine residues in the PPP enzyme.
50.
Possible inhibitors to MurI includes aziridino-glutamate that would alkylate the catalytic cysteines; N-hydroxy glutamate that by mimicking Wat2 ( the bound water molecule that interacts with glutamate amino group ) would prevent binding of the substrate; or 4-substituted D-glutamic acid analogs bearing aryl-, heteroaryl-, cinnamyl-, or biaryl-methyl substituents that would also prevent binding of substrate.
