:: : " trans "-Cinnamic acid is cheaply commercially available, or can be made using aldol or malonic-ester reactions ( though I think the yield is often poor-- companies probably have patented an improved process ).
42.
The biphenylcarboxylic acid moiety is biosynthesized by a polyketide-type pathway, with three units of acetyl-CoA and one unit of 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA, this being formed from an early shikimate pathway intermediate and not via cinnamic or benzoic acid.
43.
Phenolic acids such as " p "-coumaric and salicylic acid, cinnamic acid and hydroxybenzaldehydes such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin have been isolated from in vitro culture of the freshwater green alga " Spongiochloris spongiosa ".
44.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ( PAL, a . k . a . phenylalanine / tyrosine ammonia-lyase ) is an enzyme responsible for the transformation of L-phenylalanine or tyrosine into trans-cinnamic acid or " p "-coumaric acid respectively and ammonia.
45.
In some areas of Chile, propolis contains viscidone, a terpene from " Baccharis " shrubs, and in Brazil, naphthoquinone epoxide has recently been isolated from red propolis, and prenylated acids such as 4-hydroxy-3, 5-diprenyl cinnamic acid have been documented.
46.
The characteristics of these natural chemicals indicate a potential role of cis-cinnamic acid and its glucosides as allelochemicals ( chemicals, released from plants, that cause an interaction between plants and other living organisms ) for use as plant growth regulators and weed suppression in agricultural fields and in natural ecosystems.
47.
In the second step, 4-coumarate : CoA ligase ( 4CL ) converts cinnamic acid to cinnamoyl-CoA by an acid-thiol ligation . 4CL effects this reaction in two steps . 4CL forms a hydroxycinnamate-AMP anhydride, followed by a nucleophile attack on the carbonyl of the acyl adenylate.
48.
"' Caesium acetate "'or "'cesium acetate "'is an ionic caesium compound with the molecular formula CH 3 CO 2 Cs often used in organic synthesis especially in Perkin synthesis; formation of cinnamic-type acids by the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with fatty acids.
49.
"' Phenylpropiolic acid "', C 6 H 5 CCCO 2 H, formed by the action of alcoholic potash on cinnamic acid dibromide, C 6 H 5 CHBrCHBrCO 2 H, crystallizes in long needles or prisms which melt at 136 137 �C . When heated with water to 120 �C, it yields phenylacetylene ( C 6 H 5 CCH ).
50.
Also, I see several sources that call # 1 in your synthesis " Hydrocinnamic acid " which would indicate that it is more common to work your reaction mechanism backwards; that is to hydrogenate cinnamic acid to make # 1 rather that to dehydrogenate # 1 to get # 2 . . .-- 32 " "'06 : 37, 4 January 2010 ( UTC)
