Peter Ekstr�m, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded in May 2011, " I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year . " He cited the unlikelihood of a chemical reaction being strong enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the lack of gamma rays, the lack of explanation for the origin of the extra energy, the lack of the expected radioactivity after fusing a proton with 58 Ni, the unexplained occurrence of 11 % iron in the spent fuel, the 10 % copper in the spent fuel strangely having the same isotopic ratios as natural copper, and the lack of any unstable copper isotope in the spent fuel as if the reactor only produced stable isotopes.
