Many lichens also grow close to the surface of rocks, tree trunks and other substrata, and are referred to as crustose lichens.
42.
In crustose and foliose lichens, algae in the photobiontic layer are diffuse among the fungal filaments, decreasing in gradation into the layer below.
43.
""'Ralfsia verrucosa " "'is a species of crustose brown seaweed in the mutualistic relationship with a limpet.
44.
""'Staurothele areolata " "'is blackish-brown a western North America crustose lichen in the Verrucariaceae family.
45.
Crustose and squamulose lichens lack a lower cortex, and the medulla is in direct contact with the substrate ( biology ) that the lichen grows on.
46.
The thallus of this lichen is described as foliose, having the aspect of leaves, although the central portions of the thallus may appear nearly crustose.
47.
The slow-growing, non-mineralized thalli take a crustose form . " Hildenbrandia " reproduces by means of conceptacles and produces tetraspores.
48.
The thalli of crustose lichens can adhere to the surface of rock and absorb moisture from atmosphere; therefore, these colonize the bare surfaces of rocks first.
49.
""'Spongites yendoi " "'is a species of crustose red seaweed with a hard, calcareous skeleton in the family Corallinaceae.
50.
""'Lecidea atrobrunnea " "'is a crustose lichen in the Lecideaceae family, found in mountains of the continental western United States and Alaska.
