Some of the CO 2 is reacted with the hydrogen to produce methane, which creates an electrochemical gradient across cell membrane, used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.
42.
Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational ( shape ) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient.
43.
These gradients-charge difference and the proton concentration difference both create a combined electrochemical gradient across the membrane, often expressed as the proton-motive force ( PMF ).
44.
However, only complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the ADP . Thus, generation of a proton electrochemical gradient is crucial for energy production in mitochondria.
45.
The physiological phenomena of action potentials are possible because voltage-gated ion channels allow the resting potential caused by electrochemical gradient on either side of a cell membrane to resolve.
46.
Terland et al . have shown that chronic treatment with cinnarizine builds the drug concentrations high enough that they interfere with the proton electrochemical gradient necessary for packaging dopamine into vesicles.
47.
Returning to MIT, his lab discovered that bacteriocins achieve this impairment by forming holes in the cell membrane, allowing ions to flow through and destroy the electrochemical gradient of cells.
48.
If the transported substance has a net electrical charge, it will move not only in response to a concentration gradient, but also to an electrochemical gradient due to the membrane potential.
49.
Through this pore, ions flow down the potential and electrochemical gradient rapidly ( > 10 6 / second ), the maximum flux limited by the geometry and dimensions of the pore.
50.
The positive charges of the ions that enter the cell down its electrochemical gradient change the cell's membrane potential, cause depolarization, and lead to the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
