While " Nothofagus " shares a number of common characteristics with the Fagaceae, such as cupule fruit structure, it differs significantly in a number of ways, including distinct stipule and pollen morphology, as well as having a different number of chromosomes.
42.
""'Lithocarpus " "'is a genus in the beech family Fagaceae, differing from " Quercus " in the erect spikes of insect-pollinated male flowers and the short styles with punctate stigmas on the female flowers.
43.
"' Lan�n National Park "'( ) is a national park of Argentina, located in the Neuqu�n Province, with forests of diverse tree varieties, mainly Fagaceae and conifers such as the lenga and the " Araucaria ", many species of which are not found elsewhere in Argentina.
44.
Poison oak is not an oak ( " Quercus ", family Fagaceae ), but this common name comes from the leaves'resemblance to white oak ( " Quercus alba " ) leaves, while poison ivy is not an ivy ( " Hedera ", family Araliaceae ), but has a superficially similar growth form.
45.
The main species of the Afromontane forests include the broadleaf canopy trees in " Beilschmiedia " genus, with " Apodytes dimidiata ", " Ilex mitis ", " Nuxia congesta ", " paleoecological interest and the enormous biodiversity mostly but with many endemic species, and the members of the beech family ( Fagaceae ) are absent.
46.
In the Northern Hemisphere, these are essentially the well-known ectomycorrhizal trees and shrubs in the Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Pinaceae and Salicaceae, but in arctic and alpine habitats, Russulaceae also associate with " Bistorta vivipara " ( Polygonaceae ), " Kobresia " ( Cyperaceae ), and " Dryas octopetala " ( Rosaceae ), ectomycorrhizal plants untypic in their respective families.
47.
The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and South America . _ _ NOTOC _ _ In the past, they were included in the family Fagaceae, but genetic tests revealed them to be genetically distinct, and they are now included in their own family, the Nothofagaceae ( literally meaning " false beeches " or " bastard beeches " ).
48.
According to the same author, the following families are well represented : Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Theaceae, Salicaceae, Brassicaceae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Cornaceae, Araliaceae, Apiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Gentianaceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae, Campanulaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae.
49.
The Fagaceae, or beech family, to which the oaks belong, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms, and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in " Quercus " pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups . By this definition, many species of " Quercus " would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.
50.
Due to the typically elevated fruiting habit and occurrence on dead wood, the ectomycorrhizal status of " B . ananas " has been debated; in the protolog Murrill noted " it always occurs either as a wound parasite on pine trunks or about the base of living pine trees . " All collections have been made in association with ectotrophic host trees including " Pinus " and " Quercus " species in southeastern North America and Central America, " Quercus humboldtii " in Colombia, various Fagaceae and Dipterocarpaceae species in Malaysia, and " Leptospermum " and " Pinus " species in New Zealand.
