Because the TTSS has a similar number of components as a flagellar apparatus ( about 25 proteins ), which one evolved first is difficult to determine.
42.
When the sperm is exposed to chemo-attractant, especially progesterone; the sperm will exhibit sudden flagellar arrest, followed by sharp turn and hyperactivation.
43.
The flagellar function is twofold locomotion via oscillations along the attached flagellum and cell body, and attachment to the fly gut during the procyclic phase.
44.
The multitubulin hypothesis predicts that eukaryotes contain multiple tublin genes with distinct properties . " Naegleria " uses different tubulins for mitosis and flagellar assembly.
45.
In the best-studied species, sea urchin, the spermatozoa sense a temporal gradient and respond to it with a transient increase in flagellar asymmetry.
46.
When the protons flow back into the cell through MotA and MotB along concentration and charge gradients, they release energy that is used for flagellar rotation.
47.
These include the binding of ligands to receptors in the cell surface, the binding of chemotaxis proteins to the flagellar motor, and the condensation of DNA.
48.
The flagellum is bound to the cytoskeleton of the main cell body by four specialised microtubules, which run parallel and in the same direction to the flagellar tubulin.
49.
Much research surrounds the flagellar apparatus of Chromera, Vitrella and aicomplexans, in relation to the morphological transition of this organelle during the origination of parasitism in apicomplexans.
50.
The antennae of the females of some " Sabethes " species have long dense flagellar whorls resembling those of the males of most other genera of mosquitoes.
