Gas mantles are usually sold as fabric items which, because of impregnation with metal nitrates, form a rigid but fragile mesh of metal oxides when heated during initial use; these metal oxides produce light from the heat of the flame whenever used.
42.
Both lighthouses were recommend, approved, tendered and finally, in December 1879, constructed together . The light went through two upgrades in the 1920s replacing both the oil lamp and the fourth order lens with an incandescent gas mantle and a new lens.
43.
The light is produced either directly by the flame, generally by using special mixes of illuminating gas to increase brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the gas mantle or the limelight, with the gas primarily functioning as a heat source.
44.
Although thorium was discovered in 1828, it had no applications until 1885, when Carl Auer von Welsbach invented the gas mantle, a portable source of light which produces light from the incandescence of very hot thorium oxide, heated to extremely high temperatures by burning gaseous fuels.
45.
Later that year Auer von Welsbach received a patent on his development of the gas mantle, which he called " Auerlicht ", using a chemical mixture of 60 % magnesium oxide, 20 % lanthanum oxide and 20 % yttrium oxide which he called " Actinophor ".
46.
Gates s inventions include the foam fire extinguisher, an improved electric iron, an aseptic brewing and fermenting process, electric loom mechanisms, diamagnetic and magnetic separators for extracting gold from sand, an incandescent gas mantle furnace, the educational toy Box and Block, and numerous other mechanical, scientific, psychological, and educational devices.
47.
"All them buildings stink, and them trucks going by, the smoke is bad, " said Danny Vazquez, 18, a cook at a McDonald's a mile away from his house on Arlington Street, where back yards run up against the Welsbach / General Gas Mantle federal Superfund site _ and the traces of radioactive thorium that have outlived the production of gas lanterns there.
