Intermittently, new species arise and there is rapid evolutionary change on a geological time scale ( still interminably slow on human time scales ) resulting in the sudden appearance of new forms in the fossil record.
42.
This is because the Earth's crust in geological time scales is constantly being recycled by tectonic and weathering forces, and older rocks and especially readily accessible exposed strata that can act as a time calibration are rare.
43.
During this time, new scientific evidence emerged from ice and sediment cores that Earth's climate had experienced rapid changes in temperature, running contrary to the previously held belief that the climate changed on a geological time scale.
44.
At the geological time scale, because of the Milankovich cycles, when the astronomical parameters of the Earth orbit and its rotation axis progressively change and modify the solar irradiance at the Earth surface, temperature starts to increase.
45.
The Towers lie just south of a larger mesa which they are emerging from on a geological time scale . north of the main formation there is a tower which has only partway emerged from the mesa.
46.
The "'geological time scale "'( "'GTS "') is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata ( stratigraphy ) to time, and is used by nomenclature, dates and standard color codes set forth by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
47.
Emphasizing continental ecologies of lakes and modern soils and ecosystems, Cerling has written extensievely about the evolution of ecosystems, the inception and strengthening of monsoons, and the atmosphere over geological time scales through evidence gathered about the fractionation of stable istopes in these systems.
48.
However, not all sediment remains permanently in place : in the short term ( decades to centuries ), exceptional river floods, storms or other energetic events may remove significant portions of delta sediment or change its lobe distribution and, on longer geological time scales, sea-level fluctuations lead to destruction of deltaic features.
49.
It has been proposed that the aquifers could be recharged on geological time scales by a sequence of sublimation of the frozen seeps, atmospheric circulation of the vapor to the southern polar ice cap, redeposition of this onto the cap, basal melting under the ice mass, and groundwater circulation on a global scale.
50.
Intermittently, new species arise and there is rapid evolutionary change on a geological time scale ( still interminably slow on human time scales ) resulting in the sudden appearance of new forms in the fossil record . ( This creates punctuations of rapid change against a backdrop of steady equilibrium, hence the name .)
