After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy, Sukarno established an autocratic system called " Guided Democracy " in 1957 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country.
42.
In the early 1950s, he began calling for the implementation of " Guided Democracy, " in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential " guidance ."
43.
He began a career as a writer in the 1960s, and was a noted critic of Sukarno's Guided Democracy program, which lashed out at the censorship and totalitarian control of Sukarno's government.
44.
The formation of the Karya Cabinet led by Djuanda Kartawidjaja in March and April 1957 signaled the transition to a " directed economy " under the auspices of Guided Democracy; Benteng program was then officially stopped.
45.
Throughout the 1965 66 period, President Sukarno attempted to restore his political position and shift the country back to its pre-October 1965 position but his Guided Democracy balancing act was destroyed with the PKI's destruction.
46.
"' Lilis Surjani "'( " Guided Democracy " program, which it criticizes ( allegorically ) for ending a period of liberal democracy and replacing it with a totalitarian system of censorship and economic exploitation.
47.
He was apparently one of the " obstructing parliamentarians " whom Sukarno found annoying and whose activity was among the factors which finally led the President to replace the Western-type parliamentary system with " guided democracy " in 1959.
48.
Indonesia's leaders have long insisted that they practiced a limited form of democracy, appropriate to their own circumstances ( a " guided democracy, " in the peculiar phrase of Suharto's predecessor, Sukarno ).
49.
In July 1959, then President Sukarno set aside the parliamentary constitution with military support and imposed a so-called " guided democracy, " until it was replaced by Suharto's " new order ."
50.
Central authority was enhanced at the expense of local autonomy, radical nationalism gained over pragmatic moderation, the power of the communists and Soekarno increased while that of Hatta waned, and Soekarno was able to establish guided democracy in 1959.
