| 41. | By about 15, 000 years ago, " Equus ferus " was a widespread holarctic species.
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| 42. | Like the wolf, it is distributed throughout the majority of the Holarctic, but it has avoided extirpation.
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| 43. | They have a disjunct distribution, being found in both the Holarctic and southern Neotropical regions ( Chile ).
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| 44. | Ctenopelmatinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Symphyta and, more rarely, Lepidoptera; Most species have a Holarctic distribution.
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| 45. | Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many areas which are now more heavily populated by humans.
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| 46. | One consists of Holarctic species with black / white colouration and is probably closely related to crows and Eurasian jays.
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| 47. | Unlike the Holarctic treecreepers they do not use their tail for support when climbing tree trunks, only their feet.
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| 48. | It consists of two subgenera, the holarctic " Chionea " and palaearctic " Sphaeconophilus ".
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| 49. | Onagraceae and Rosaceae ( mainly " Rubus " ) are the dominant host plant families for Holarctic species.
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| 50. | Most of its roughly 50 species occur across the Holarctic; from Europe alone, 10 species have been recorded.
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