Endogenous opioids are necessary for the analgesic properties of spinally injected NPFF while endogenous NPFF peptides are involved in the process of analgesic tolerance / hyperalgesia induced by chronic opioid treatment.
42.
In order to find out the relationship between GABA, NMDA, and SP, MK-801 was administered intrathecally to determine the effect on muscimol potentiation of SP hyperalgesia.
43.
For example, precisely the same inert agents can produce analgesia and hyperalgesia, the first of which, from this definition, would be a placebo, and the second a nocebo.
44.
Additionally, according to the review, there is a chemical means of pain enhancement ( hyperalgesia ) from endothelin-1, though tumors can produce either this or an antagonistic molecule.
45.
The misdiagnosis of common opioid tolerance ( OT ) as opioid-induced hyperalgesia ( OIH ) can be problematic as the clinical actions suggested by each condition can be contrary to each other.
46.
As it can be difficult to distinguish from tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia is often compensated for by escalating the dose of opioid, potentially worsening the problem by further increasing sensitivity to pain.
47.
The morphine-induced TLR4 activation attenuates pain suppression by opioids and enhances the development of opioid tolerance and addiction, drug abuse, and other negative side effects such as respiratory depression and hyperalgesia.
48.
Allodynia and hyperalgesia were experimentally induced by administration of CCK into the RVM . Spinal administration of SB-269970 had no effect on nociception, whereas ondansetron completely reversed the effects of CCK injection.
49.
GABA A receptor involvement was demonstrated by intrathecal administration of gabazine, a GABA A antagonist, in animals receiving continuous infusions of SP into the RVM . Gabazine treatment completely reversed the thermal hyperalgesia.
50.
Interestingly, low concentrations of TRPM8 agonists such as menthol ( or icilin ) found to be antihyperalgesic in certain conditions, whereas high concentrations of menthol caused both cold and mechanical hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers.
