Of the abnormal conditions associated with micropenis, most are conditions of reduced prenatal androgen production or effect, such as abnormal testicular development ( testicular dysgenesis ), Klinefelter syndrome, Leydig cell hypoplasia ), specific defects of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone synthesis ( 17, 20-lyase deficiency, growth-hormone deficiency or congenital hypopituitarism.
42.
Sometimes, there are additional symptoms that arise from the underlying cause; for instance, if the hypopituitarism is due to a growth hormone-producing tumor, there may be symptoms of acromegaly ( enlargement of the hands and feet, coarse facial features ), and if the tumor extends to the optic nerve or optic chiasm, there may be visual field defects.
43.
"' Sheehan's syndrome "', also known as "'Simmond's syndrome "', "'postpartum hypopituitarism "'or "'postpartum pituitary gland necrosis "', is hypopituitarism ( decreased functioning of the pituitary gland ), caused by ischemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth.
44.
"' Sheehan's syndrome "', also known as "'Simmond's syndrome "', "'postpartum hypopituitarism "'or "'postpartum pituitary gland necrosis "', is hypopituitarism ( decreased functioning of the pituitary gland ), caused by ischemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth.
45.
This results in a state of functional GH resistance ( as GH induces IGF-1 production and secretion in the liver to mediate most of its effects ), with combined oral estrogen and GH being less effective in evoking the clinical effects of GH relative to GH alone in clinical studies of individuals with hypopituitarism / GHD . In contrast, treatment with combined GH and transdermal estrogen has been found not to decrease IGF-1 levels or increase IGFBP1 levels.
46.
The study published in 1957, which was conducted on " a 13-year-old male with well-documented hypopituitarism secondary to a crainiophyaryngioma, " found that : " Human and monkey growth hormone resulted in a significant enhancement of nitrogen storage . . . ( and ) there was a retention of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and sodium . . . . There was a gain in body weight during both periods . . . . There was a significant increase in urinary excretion of aldosterone during both periods of administration of growth hormone.
