The linear response of a metal to an electric, magnetic or thermal gradient is determined by the shape of the Fermi surface, because currents are due to changes in the occupancy of states near the Fermi energy.
42.
Once exposure time has exceeded about 1 second for film or 30 seconds for paper, one must compensate for the breakdown in linear response of the film / paper to intensity of illumination by using longer exposures.
43.
During the last 20 years fresh approaches have revealed general laws applicable to non-equilibrium system thus pushing the range of validity of exact thermodynamic statements beyond the realm of linear response deep into the genuine non-equilibrium region.
44.
Recent works are also focused in the study of driven chaotic systems, where the Hamiltonian H ( x, p; R ( t ) ) is time dependent, in particular in the adiabatic and in the linear response regimes.
45.
In the early 1950s, Kubo transformed research into the linear response properties of near-equilibrium condensed-matter systems, in particular the understanding of electron transport and conductivity, through the Kubo formalism, a Green's function approach to linear response theory for quantum systems.
46.
In the early 1950s, Kubo transformed research into the linear response properties of near-equilibrium condensed-matter systems, in particular the understanding of electron transport and conductivity, through the Kubo formalism, a Green's function approach to linear response theory for quantum systems.
47.
STED is a deterministic functional technique that exploits the non-linear response of fluorophores commonly used to label biological samples in order to achieve an improvement in resolution, that is to say STED allows for images to be taken at resolutions below the diffraction limit.
48.
According to linear response theory, the Fourier transform of " K " or " G " describes how the system returns to equilibrium after an external perturbation; for this reason, the dispersion step in the GHz . . THz region is also called structural relaxation.
49.
From this representation, we see that for small \ gamma the Fourier transform \ tilde { \ chi } ( \ omega ) of the linear response function yields a pronounced maximum ( " Resonance " ) at the frequency \ omega \ approx \ omega _ 0.
50.
The complex-valued Fourier transform \ tilde { \ chi } ( \ omega ) of the linear response function is very useful as it describes the output of the system if the input is a sine wave h ( t ) = h _ 0 \ cdot \ sin ( \ omega t ) with frequency \ omega.
