| 41. | In addition, the lone pairs of electrons on the O are in the direction opposite to the hydrogen atoms.
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| 42. | For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom.
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| 43. | This is potentially due to a lead lone pair of electrons, also found in lead complexes with an imidazole ligand.
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| 44. | They can form a chemical bond between two atoms, or they can occur as a lone pair of valence electrons.
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| 45. | Significant delocalisation of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom gives the group a cis or trans isomers.
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| 46. | However, the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atoms makes hydrogen bonding with water molecules possible.
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| 47. | In the + 3 oxidation state, arsenic is typically pyramidal owing to the influence of the lone pair of electrons.
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| 48. | In molecular systems the lone pair can also result in a distortion in the coordination of ligands around the metal ion.
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| 49. | If this dimer existed as a dicarbene, the electron lone pairs on the carbenic carbon would be forced into close proximity.
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| 50. | The deprotonation of the carboxyl group causes the lone pair of electrons to move down making carbon dioxide and separating from oxalosuccinate.
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