Fortis stops in Australian Aboriginal languages such as Ngalakgan ) also involve length, with short consonants having weak contact and intermittent voicing, and long consonants having full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing.
42.
At the beginnings of words, the stops may be pronounced either as voiced or voiceless; and are usually pronounced as voiceless word-finally ( Long consonants do not appear word-initially or word-finally ).
43.
The distinction is most rigid closed syllables with short vowels end in a long consonant, and those with a long vowel in a single consonant; the only exception is where historic and meant the compensatory lengthening of the succeeding vowel.
44.
The three plosives and the affricate " * c " also possessed a half-long duration (,, and ), but these were in complementary ( allophonic ) distribution with fully long consonants, and therefore were not phonemic.
45.
In other words, syllables could be long because of the specific vowel ( or a following " * l / * m / * n / * r " ), or because a long consonant from the next syllable bled in.
46.
As pointed out above, long consonants did not exist in Proto-Indo-European, and many Germanic roots are attested with a long consonant in some of the ancient languages but with a short one in others ( often together with a short or a long vowel, respectively ).
47.
As pointed out above, long consonants did not exist in Proto-Indo-European, and many Germanic roots are attested with a long consonant in some of the ancient languages but with a short one in others ( often together with a short or a long vowel, respectively ).
48.
L�hr ( 1988 ) and Kroonen ( 2011 ) have pointed out that strong verbs with / p t k / following a long vowel, diphthong or " resonant " are common in the Gothic Bible, and that many of these are clearly related to iteratives with long consonants that are attested in Northwest Germanic languages.
49.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, long consonants are normally written using the triangular colon " " ", " e . g ., penne " ('feathers','pens', also a kind of pasta ), though doubled letters are also used ( especially for underlying phonemic forms ).
50.
While it is by no means impossible that there was " a substrate language with geminates ", or even " that Kluge's law was triggered by the absorption of speakers of this substrate language into the PIE dialect that ultimately became known as Germanic ", Kroonen ( 2009 : 62 ) found no evidence for such hypotheses and stressed that a long consonant in a Germanic root cannot be taken as evidence that this root was borrowed.
