Due to the difficulty and necessity of anticipating results in such areas as genetic modification, climate change, molecular engineering, and megascale engineering, parallel fields such as bioethics, climate engineering and hypothetical molecular nanotechnology sometimes emerge to develop and examine hypotheses, define limits, and express potential solutions to the anticipated technological problems.
42.
In today's America, the Project for the New American Century laid out also in the 1990s a comprehensive plan for world domination based on technological mastery, including such deadly means of using biological warfare, new and smaller nuclear weapons, robots and molecular engineering-based materials science, that no one would dare attack America.
43.
Since photosynthesis and other natural processes create extremely complex molecules to the specifications contained in RNA and stored long-term in DNA form, advocates of molecular engineering claim that an artificial process can likewise exploit a chain of long-term storage, short-term storage, enzyme-like copying mechanisms similar to those in the cell, and ultimately produce complex molecules which need not be proteins.
44.
Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized " de novo ", without the need for precursor template DNA . Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering.
45.
Repeated cycles of point mutagenesis, recombination, and selection should allow " in vitro " molecular evolution of complex sequences, such as proteins . " Evolutionary molecular engineering, also called directed evolution or " in vitro " molecular evolution involves the iterated cycle of mutation, multiplication with recombination, and selection of the fittest of individual molecules ( proteins, DNA, and RNA ).
46.
In particular, the Quanta Optics & Photons Apparatus Laboratory headed by the former President and Professor Peng Kunchi, the Biochemistry & Molecular Engineering Laboratory led by the former vice president Professor Yang Pin and the Research Center of Philosophy of Science & Technology pioneered by the current President and Professor GUO Guichun take the lead in their respective fields in China.
