Reasoning that nitrogen mustard might open new avenues beyond surgery and radiation, then the only effective anticancer therapies, Goodman's team found that the substance produced a profound effect in mice.
42.
In the 1950s, aromatic mustards like chlorambucil were introduced as less toxic alkylating agents than the aliphatic nitrogen mustards, proving to be less electrophilic and react with DNA more slowly.
43.
Nitrogen mustard became a model for the discovery of other classes of anticancer drugs, and chemotherapy went on to become a standard treatment for many cancers, often in combination with surgery and radiation.
44.
"' Alfred Zack Gilman "'( February 5, 1908 January 13, 1984 ) was an American pharmacologist best known for pioneering early chemotherapy techniques using nitrogen mustard with his colleague, Louis S . Goodman.
45.
During World War II nitrogen mustards were studied at the Yale School of Medicine by air raid on Bari, Italy, led to the release of mustard gas that affected several hundred soldiers and civilians.
46.
This reaction type is linked to many forms of neighbouring group participation, for instance the reaction of the sulfur or nitrogen lone pair in sulfur mustard or nitrogen mustard to form the cationic intermediate.
47.
A common myth holds that Goodman and Gilman were prompted to study nitrogen mustards as a potential treatment for cancer following a 1943 incident in Bari, Italy, where survivors exposed to mustard gas became leukopenic.
48.
The second edition, in 1955, described nitrogen mustard and other anticancer drugs, the first effective treatments for high blood pressure, the arrival of antihistamines, new diuretics and the first antibiotics : penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol.
49.
Rhoads had run chemical weapons programs for the US army in World War II, and had been involved in the work that led to the discovery that nitrogen mustards could potentially be used as cancer drugs.
50.
He is best known for his collaborations with Alfred Gilman, Sr ., with whom he authored the popular textbook " The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics " in 1941 and pioneered the first chemotherapy trials using nitrogen mustard.
