These brain regions include the SCN, where input from ipRGCs is necessary to photoentrain circadian rhythms, and the olivary pretectal nucleus ( OPN ), where input from ipRGCs control the pupillary light reflex.
42.
Simplified, nerve fibers signals are transported by bushy cells to the binaural areas in the olivary complex, while signal peaks and valleys are noted by stellate cells, and signal timing is extracted by octopus cells.
43.
Studies on knockout mice have indicated that the gene can alter embryological development of the brain stem ( specifically the superior olivary nuclei ), as well as induce several other physical changes such as in ear shape.
44.
The cochlear nerve spans from the cochlea of the inner ear to the ventral cochlear nuclei located in the pons of the brainstem, relaying auditory signals to the superior olivary complex where it is to be binaurally integrated.
45.
While the VCN bushy cells aid in the location of a sound stimulus on the horizontal axis via their inputs to the superior olivary complex, type IV cells may participate in localization of the sound stimulus on the vertical axis.
46.
Moreover, olivary neurons that send climbing fibers to the same microzone tend to be coupled by gap junctions, which synchronize their activity, causing Purkinje cells within a microzone to show correlated complex spike activity on a millisecond time scale.
47.
The five primary nuclei are : the olivary pretectal nucleus ( ON ), the nucleus of the optic tract ( NOT ), and the anterior ( NPA ), medial ( NPM ), and posterior ( NPP ) pretectal nuclei.
48.
The majority of neurons in the deep nuclei have large cell bodies and spherical dendritic trees with a radius of about 400 ?m, and use GABA as a neurotransmitter and project exclusively to the inferior olivary nucleus, the source of climbing fibers.
49.
Such a microcomplex includes several spatially separated cortical microzones, all of which project to the same group of deep cerebellar neurons, plus a group of coupled olivary neurons that project to all of the included microzones as well as to the deep nuclear area.
50.
These targets include the olivary pretectal nucleus ( a center responsible for controlling the pupil of the eye ), the LGN, and, through the retinohypothalamic tract ( RHT ), the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus ( the master pacemaker of circadian rhythms ).
