Arsenic can occur in the environment in several oxidation states ( " 3, 0, + 3 and + 5 ), but in natural waters it is mostly found in inorganic forms as oxyanions of trivalent arsenite [ As ( III ) ] or pentavalent arsenate [ As ( V ) ].
42.
IFFIm financed more than 90 % of the guaranteed payment to UNICEF for initial doses of a pentavalent vaccine which immunises against five infectious diseases : diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, haemophilus influenzae type B ( Hib ) and hepatitis B . GAVI could not have made that commitment and upfront cash payment without IFFIm.
43.
In 2012, UNICEF and the World Health Organization had issued and recommended a joint statement to the Immunization Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India and other developing nations in separate documents about the use of Pentavalent vaccines for the prevention of the 5 leading diseases responsible for death in children.
44.
Several drug combinations with TNF-? ) and a pentavalent antimonial at a high dose for 30 days in a small-scale ( 23 patients ) randomised placebo-controlled study from Brazil achieved cure rates of 90 % and reduced time to cure, a result that should be interpreted cautiously in light of inherent limitations of small-scale studies.
45.
Several companies have availed the incubation services of IBAB, including CellWorks Group, Symbiosis Biowares, Novozymes R & D, Shodhaka Life Sciences, Ixora Biosciences, BioCOS Life Sciences, Geniron Biolabs, Microtest Innovations, MIR Life Sciences, DeNovo BioLabs, Privils, String Bio, Omix R & D Laboratories, Pentavalent, Indoor Biotechnologies, Techsicon Biotech and Plasmatech Solutions.
46.
After the incidents in Vietnam, a joint statement was released by WHO and UNICEF confirming the safety of Quinvaxem and approval for its continued use as a pentavalent vaccine, after careful investigation, it was found that the fatalities reported in Vietnam were either coincidental health problems related in time but not related to the use of Quinvaxem, or cases for which the information available does not allow for a definite conclusion.
