He received the NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science in 2005 for his work on " metabolism of arachidonic acid in physiology and pathophysiology, which generates prostacyclin and thromboxane . " He was named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2015.
42.
The underlying mechanism for the deleterious effect proposes that endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body express COX-2, whose selective inhibition results in levels of prostaglandin I2 ( PGI2, prostacyclin ) down-regulated relative to thromboxane ( since COX-1 in platelets is unaffected ).
43.
Calcium channel blockers, b-blockers and nitrates have all been used but the most potent and widely used aids are prostaglandin ( and prostacyclin ) analogs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, nitric oxide and, most recently, endothelin receptor antagonists and agents capable of reversing the remodeling of pulmonary vasculature.
44.
Mutations in three of the proteins in the complement cascade have been identified in patients with atypical HUS . Several chemotherapeutic drugs have also been shown to cause damage to the epithelial layer by reducing the ability for the cells to produce prostacyclin, ultimately resulting in chemotherapy-associated HUS, or C-HUS.
45.
The selectivity of COX-2 does not seem to negate other side-effects of NSAIDs, most notably an increased risk of renal failure, and there is evidence that indicates an increase in the risk of heart attack, thrombosis, and stroke through an increase of thromboxane unbalanced by prostacyclin ( which is reduced by COX-2 inhibition ).
46.
Many vasoactive chemicals have been hypothesized as being involved in mediating the systemic hemodynamic changes, including atrial natriuretic factor, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and endotoxin . and octreotide ) leads to improvement in glomerular filtration rate ( which is a quantitative measure of kidney function ) in patients with hepatorenal syndrome, providing further evidence that splanchnic vasodilation is a key feature of its pathogenesis.
47.
However, biochemistry research has concluded that air pollution, heavy metals, smoking, second-hand smoke, Lipopolysaccharides, lipid peroxidation products ( found mainly in vegetable oils, roasted nuts and roasted oily seeds ) and other exogenous toxins initiate the inflammatory response in the cells which leads to the expression of the COX-2 enzyme and subsequently to the temporary production of inflammatory " promoting " prostaglandins from arachidonic acid for the purpose of alerting the immune system of the cell damage and eventually to the production of anti-inflammatory molecules ( e . g . lipoxins & prostacyclin ) during the resolution phase of inflammation, after the cell damage has been repaired ."
