Fig . 2 : A simple method to generate the PWM pulse train corresponding to a given signal is the intersective PWM : the signal ( here the red sine wave ) is compared with a sawtooth waveform ( blue ).
42.
Rather than applying square pulses of varying widths to the inductor, square pulse trains with a fixed 50 % duty cycle are used to charge the inductor to a predefined current limit then discharge the inductor current to, but not below, zero.
43.
Passive mode-locking of fiber lasers has been demonstrated at high repetition rates, but inclusion of an LCoS-based POP allowed the phase content of the spectrum to be changed to flip the pulse train of a passively mode-locked laser from bright to dark pulses.
44.
Each local exchange incorporated up to eight groups of directors which translated the first three digits ( ABC digits ) comprising the exchange name into a pulse train of one to six digits, as required for each exchange and unique to that exchange.
45.
Other achievements, important particularly for laser applications, concern the development of mode-locked lasers which can be pumped with laser diodes, can generate very high average output powers ( tens of watts ) in sub-picosecond pulses, or generate pulse trains with extremely high repetition rates of many GHz.
46.
And, by our linearity assumption ( i . e ., that the output of system to a pulse train input is the sum of the outputs due to each individual pulse ), we can now say that the general input function " f " ( " t " ) produces the output:
47.
Solutions to overvoltages caused by long lead lengths include minimizing cable distance, lowering carrier frequency, installing dV / dt filters, using inverter-duty-rated motors ( that are rated 600 V to withstand pulse trains with rise time less than or equal to 0.1 microsecond, of 1, 600 V peak magnitude ), and installing LCR low-pass sine wave filters.
48.
This system, and another commonly known as " Kicking Duck / Galloping Ghost ", was driven with a pulse train that caused the rudder and elevator to " wag " though a small angle ( not affecting flight owing to small excursions and high speed ), with the average position determined by the proportions of the pulse train.
49.
This system, and another commonly known as " Kicking Duck / Galloping Ghost ", was driven with a pulse train that caused the rudder and elevator to " wag " though a small angle ( not affecting flight owing to small excursions and high speed ), with the average position determined by the proportions of the pulse train.
50.
The bio-duck call, first described in the 1960s and named by sonar operators on Oberon-class submarines for its purported resemblance to the quack of a duck, consist of a series of anywhere from three to a dozen pulse trains that range from 50 to 200 Hz and have a peak frequency of about 154 Hz they sometimes also possess harmonics of up to 1 kHz.
