Presumably, many of the buildings were just " built; " they were not designed, so to speak . " Swaminathan Krishnan further added : " There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues.
42.
Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
43.
Since then the facilities have been significantly improved with the establishment of modern flood forecasting system, earthquake and nuclear explosion detection system, nuclear meteorology, radar, satellite, computer technology, flight safety consultancy services in seismic design of dams, buildings and other development and disaster relief schemes.
44.
EN 1998-2 covers the seismic design of bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i . e . of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure.
45.
Traditional seismic design assumes that the lower stories of a building are stronger than the upper stories and where this is not the case if the lower story is less strong than the upper structure the structure will not respond to earthquakes in the expected fashion.
46.
While at Parsons, Chalhoub chaired the committee on base isolation at the Structural Engineers Association of California ( SEAOC ) and developed the simplified design code on seismic design using shock absorbers which was introduced for the first time in the Uniform Building Code in 1990.
47.
"' Earthquake construction "'means implementation of "'seismic design "'to enable building and non-building structures to live through the anticipated earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with the applicable building codes . Construction of Pearl River Tower X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds
48.
Had the 1970s Alfred P . Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City been constructed using current seismic design details, up to 80 percent of the structural damage in the 1995 bombing could have been prevented, W . Gene Corley, an engineer, told a House subcommittee four years ago.
49.
It was later recognized that such a method would also enable checking for multiple limit-states, e . g . for life-safety, as is the standard for most seismic design methods, but also for lower and higher levels of intensity that represent different threat levels, such as immediate-occupancy and collapse-prevention.
50.
Ishibashi has subsequently claimed that, although the new guide brought in the most far-reaching changes since 1978, it was'seriously flawed'because it underestimated the Nuclear Safety Commission after a senior Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency official appeared to rule out a new review of the NSC's seismic design guide in 2007.
