In some species, rest can be broken within hours at any stage of dormancy, with either chemicals, heat, or freezing temperatures, effective dosages of which would seem to be a function of sublethal stress, which results in stimulation of ethylene production and increased cell membrane permeability.
42.
A meta-analysis study published in February 2016 strongly suggests a pattern linking imidacloprid to sublethal effects on honey bees, stating : " trace dietary imidacloprid at field-realistic levels in nectar will have no lethal effects, but will reduce expected performance in honey bees by between 6 and 20 %.
43.
They concluded : " The consequent acute lethal effect evidenced in all the field sowing experiments can be well compared with the colony loss phenomena widely reported by beekeepers in spring and often associated to corn sowing . " Another field study released in 2012 looked at sublethal effects of clothianidin and imidacloprid in amounts that bees might be exposed to during foraging.
44.
In their 2014 study published in " Functional Ecology " researchers using Radio-Frequency Identification ( RFID ) tagging technology on the bees, found that a sublethal exposure to either a neonicotinoid ( imidacloprid ) and / or a pyrethroid ( ?-cyhalothrin ) over a four-week period caused an impairment of the bumblebee's ability to forage.
45.
In 2012, researchers announced findings that sublethal exposure to imidacloprid rendered honey bees significantly more susceptible to infection by the fungus Jeff Pettis at the U . S . Department of Agriculture and Cedric Alaux at INRA / France have demonstrated that interactions between the pathogen " Nosema " and imidacloprid significantly weaken the immune systems of honeybees ( " Apis mellifera " ).
46.
Furthermore, it can be shown that sublethal doses induced marked changes in the pattern of proteins produced by the cell, thus suggesting a possible effect of 4-quinolones on gene transcription in mammalian cells . " When evaluated via broth microdilution the MIC of AFA for Escherichia coli is 125 ?g / mL, a concentration thirty times higher than the MIC for nalidixic acid in the same E . coli strain.
