Thus the challenge is one of mechanism design & mdash; to define a mechanism for evolving AI systems under a system of checks and balances, and to give the systems utility functions that will remain friendly in the face of such changes.
42.
The sector size used to be considered fixed at 512 ( 2 9 ) bytes, and a broad range of important components including chipsets, boot sectors, operating systems, database engines, partitioning tools, backup and file system utilities and other software had this value hard-coded.
43.
This portion of a program name was often mnemonic & mdash; for example, IEBUPDTE was the dataset utility ( IEB ) that applied updates ( UPDTE ) to source code files, and IEHINITT was the system utility ( IEH ) that initialized ( INIT ) magnetic tape labels ( T ).
44.
It was also bundled with a number of software packages : WordStar, the popular word processing package; SuperCalc, a spreadsheet; MBASIC, a programming language; Osboard, a graphics and drawing program; TurnKey, a system utility; MediaMaster, a data interchange program that allowed compatibility with over " 200 other computers "; and Desolation, a game.
45.
A 1990 study of various Unix versions'reliability found that on each version, between a quarter and a third of operating system utilities could be made to fuzzing; the researchers attributed this, in part, to the " race for features, power, and performance " resulting from BSD System V rivalry, which left developers little time to worry about reliability.
46.
Regardless of whether password shadowing is in effect on a given system, the passwd file is readable by all users so that various system utilities ( e . g ., ls ) can work ( e . g ., to ensure that user names are shown when the user lists the contents of a folder ), while only the root user can write to it.
