The black pattern consists of a band across the apex of the tergite ( on its discal part only, not extending to the sides ), and stripe down the centre of the tergite, and a black band across the full width of the base.
42.
The black pattern consists of a band across the apex of the tergite ( on its discal part only, not extending to the sides ), and stripe down the centre of the tergite, and a black band across the full width of the base.
43.
"Psaltoda mossi " is similar to " P . plaga " in colour and brown discoloration on the wing, but has its prominent postclypeus and large abdominal tergite 3 suggest a closer relationship with " P . flavescens ".
44.
The abdomen has all segments marked with black, the black lateral spots are almost meeting on the dorsum, where they are separated by a small dark olive spot, and separated longitudinally by almost uninterrupted pale buffish brown transverse stripes at the posterior margin of each tergite.
45.
The only other " Helophilus "-species having this yellow border is " Helophilus hybridus ", but males of such species differs from " pendulus "-males in the black band at base of the tergite two not extending to the sides.
46.
Females resemble female " Melanostoma scalare " sharing similar triangular tergite markings but have a shiny, black frons which separates them from " M . scalare " and most " Platycheirus " species . Also " Melanostoma mellinum " may prove to be a species complex.
47.
It can be specifically identified and confirmed through the presence of forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV, antennomeres I-II are pale and III to IX are dark; there are three discal setae on the lateral margins of abdominal tergites, with pronotal posteromarginal seta II nearly one and a half times the length of I or III, a complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VII; and three ocellar setae with III between posterior ocelli.
48.
Most are concentrated on the anteromedian portion of the pygidium and some on the posteromedian portion of abdominal tergite VI, a position that would coincide with the position of the pygidial gland, which opens between abdominal tergites VI and VII . The structure of the micropegs with their associated hairs also hints at some sort of glandular function, or possibly a mechano-reception function during stinging, but a more convincing explanation will only be possible after a histological study.
49.
The anatomical parts used to produce sound are quite varied : the most common system is that seen in grasshoppers and many other insects, where a hind leg scraper is rubbed against the adjacent forewing ( in beetles and true bugs the forewings are hardened ); in crickets and katydids a file on one wing is rubbed by a scraper on the other wing; in longhorned beetles, the back edge of the pronotum scrapes against a file on the mesonotum; in various other beetles, the sound is produced by moving the head up / down or side-to-side while in others the abdominal tergites are rubbed against the elytra; in assassin bugs, the tip of the mouthparts scrapes along a ridged groove in the prosternum; in velvet ants the back edge of one abdominal tergite scrapes a file on the dorsal surface of the following tergite.
50.
The anatomical parts used to produce sound are quite varied : the most common system is that seen in grasshoppers and many other insects, where a hind leg scraper is rubbed against the adjacent forewing ( in beetles and true bugs the forewings are hardened ); in crickets and katydids a file on one wing is rubbed by a scraper on the other wing; in longhorned beetles, the back edge of the pronotum scrapes against a file on the mesonotum; in various other beetles, the sound is produced by moving the head up / down or side-to-side while in others the abdominal tergites are rubbed against the elytra; in assassin bugs, the tip of the mouthparts scrapes along a ridged groove in the prosternum; in velvet ants the back edge of one abdominal tergite scrapes a file on the dorsal surface of the following tergite.
