Honey bees and other pollinators are particularly sensitive to clothianidin, as evidenced by the results of laboratory and field toxicity testing and demonstrated in acute poisoning incidents in France and Germany in 2008, and in Canada in 2010 and 2013 associated with the planting of corn seeds treated with clothianidin.
42.
In 2007 the National Academy of Sciences published a report called " Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century : A Vision and a Strategy " which opened with a statement : " Change often involves a pivotal event that builds on previous history and opens the door to a new era.
43.
Advances in toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, systems biology, epigenetics, and computational toxicology could transform toxicity testing from a system based on whole-animal testing to one founded primarily on in vitro methods that evaluate changes in biologic processes using cells, cell lines, or cellular components, preferably of human origin . " As of 2010 that vision was still unrealized.
44.
The National Research Council's ( NRC ) landmark 2007 publication, Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century, has also been an impetus for EBT . The study, which was sponsored by the federal Environmental Protection Agency, observed that recent advances in systems biology, testing in cells and tissues, and related scientific fields offer the potential to fundamentally change the way chemicals are tested for risks they may pose to humans.
