GDD is commonly used as a parameter in characterizing layered mirrors, where the group velocity dispersion is not particularly-well defined, yet the chirp induced after bouncing off the mirror can be well-characterized.
42.
He is also a member of the Nuker Team which uses the Hubble space telescope to examine supermassive black holes and determined the relationship between a galaxy's central black hole's mass and velocity dispersion.
43.
Thus by measuring observable quantities such as surface brightness and velocity dispersion ( both independent of the observer's distance to the source ) one can estimate the effective radius ( measured in kpc ) of the galaxy.
44.
The most important condition is " anomalous group velocity dispersion ", whereby pulses with shorter wavelengths travel with higher group velocity than pulses with longer wavelength . ( This condition assumes a " focussing"
45.
For this coherent wave pattern to be formed, the plate thickness has to be just right relative to the angles of propagation and wavelengths of the underlying longitudinal and shear waves; this requirement leads to the velocity dispersion relationships.
46.
The two exponential operators compensate and correct for, respectively, the amplitude effect ( i . e . the energy absorption ) and the phase effect ( i . e . the velocity dispersion ) of the earth Q filter.
47.
It deals with a single realization of a one-component plasma whose electrons have a velocity dispersion ( for a thermal plasma, there must be many particles in a Debye sphere, a volume whose radius is the Debye length ).
48.
Previous works have indicated that many of these galaxies may be triggered by galaxy mergers . " Further on, the abstract states : " We find that to first order, the velocity field and velocity dispersions derived from stars and ionised gas agree.
49.
The M ? relation is also used to calibrate so-called secondary and tertiary mass estimators, which relate the black hole mass to the strength of emission lines from hot gas in the nucleus or to the velocity dispersion of gas in the bulge.
50.
The reason for this assumption is the M-sigma relation, a tight ( low scatter ) relation between the mass of the hole in the ~ 10 galaxies with secure detections, and the velocity dispersion of the stars in the bulges of those galaxies.
