Until the Crusades, Europe had been a primitive backwater, isolated from other civilizations and lost in a dark age that had descended on Western Christendom after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century.
42.
The Catholic Church, representing all of Western Christendom, encouraged crusades against Islamic controlled territories in Europe and in the Holy Land from 1095 through 1272 after Islam had conquered most of the Byzantine empire, including the Holy Land.
43.
This document, though not an authentic 4th century imperial document, became a crucial theoretical statement in the Middle Ages " to defend the universality and supremacy of Roman jurisdiction over lay rulers and their subjects in Western Christendom ."
44.
As far as can be determined from available records, at the time when this painting was created no large-scale Roman-style coffered barrel vault, Triumphal arch or otherwise, had been constructed in Western Christendom since late antiquity.
45.
It was proscribed by Gelasius of Cyzicus in the fifth century, but this seemed not to have harmed its popularity : the Apocalypse was most likely accepted as canonical " in certain parts of Western Christendom in the ninth and tenth centuries ".
46.
It started as a widespread pilgrimage in western Christendom and ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Land taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant ( 632 661 ), ultimately resulting in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
47.
The logic of Aristotle had been rendered into Latin by Boethius and had been used in the schools since the end of the sixth century; but his physics and metaphysics were made known to Western Christendom only through the Arabic philosophers of the thirteenth century.
48.
The church "'St . Thomas "'( German : "'Thomaskirche "') is a Berliner Dom, it was the largest church in Berlin, and the congregation was one of the largest in Western Christendom.
49.
The cardinals retaliated by appointing a second pope, or antipope, from Geneva, whom they installed in Avignon as Clement VII . Thus began the Great Western Schism, in which two, and even three, popes sought to preside over Western Christendom until 1417.
50.
His nephew and dynastic successor Western Christendom, with the notable exception of the Assyrian Church of the East, for his articulation and defense of the hypostatic union, his central role at the First Council of Ephesus, and his opposition to Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople.
