| 1. | Medical studies have shown the efficiency of arbutin for skin lightening.
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| 2. | Arbutin actually exists in two isomers, alpha and beta.
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| 3. | Arbutin is therefore used as a skin-lightening agent.
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| 4. | Arbutin is found in wheat, and is concentrated in pear skins.
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| 5. | However, arbutin acts as quercetin extremely mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic.
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| 6. | Other principal ingredients that are used in skin lightening cosmetics are arbutin and kojic acid.
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| 7. | These are mainly arbutin and kojic acid.
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| 8. | Arbutin was also produced by an in vitro culture of " Schisandra chinensis ".
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| 9. | Arbutin and other plant extracts are considered safe alternatives to commonly used depigmenting agents to make the skin fairer.
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| 10. | Also taxifolin inhibited the cellular melanogenesis as effectively as arbutin, one of the most widely used hypopigmenting agents in cosmetics.
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