| 1. | Non-breeding culmen is straight, appears slightly uptilted.
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| 2. | Among standard measurements, the exposed culmen is.
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| 3. | They have a short conical black bill with an obvious curve to the culmen.
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| 4. | The culmen was arched, and the maxilla overlapped the mandible at the base.
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| 5. | It is distinguished, however, by a larger bill with a straight culmen.
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| 6. | The culmen length measures 194 275mm.
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| 7. | Juvenile specimens can be determined by observing small corrugations on the lateral areas of the beak culmen.
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| 8. | The shape or color of the culmen can also help with the identification of birds in the field.
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| 9. | After the autumn culmen, but in spring the bill becomes bluish-grey with a small black tip.
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| 10. | Pine siskin in its typical culmen, compare with a short bill in European siskin, with a decurved culmen.
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