The terms ecological indicator and environmental indicator are often used interchangeably.
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However, ecological indicators are actually a sub-set of environmental indicators.
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Due to this variety, the development and selection of ecological indicators is a complex process.
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In Jorgensen, et . al ( eds ) Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, 2nd ed.
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Ecological Indicators 15 ( 2012 ) 227 235 Brown, M . T . and S . Ulgiati . 2011.
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This species is a very important ecological indicator because they prefer ecologically rich, aquatic habitats and have a low reproductive potential.
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Using ecological indicators is a pragmatic approach since direct documentation of changes in ecosystems as related to management measures, is cost and time intensive.
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Species are disappearing, temperatures are rising, reefs are dying, forests are shrinking, storms are raging, water tables are falling : Almost every ecological indicator shows a world on the decline.
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With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.
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Species which are particularly characteristic of ancient woodland sites are called ancient woodland indicator species, such as bluebells, yellow rattle, lesser celandine, wood anemone, and primrose for example representing a type of ecological indicator.
