| 1. | To these, he opposed a combination of functionalism, mutationism, and environmental determinism.
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| 2. | Writers in the medieval Middle East also produced theories of environmental determinism.
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| 3. | One of these approaches was environmental determinism, developed by geographer Friedrich Ratzel.
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| 4. | Theories opposed to hereditarianism include behaviorism, social determinism and environmental determinism.
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| 5. | The contemporary global warming crisis has also impacted environmental determinism scholarship.
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| 6. | Combinations and syntheses of determinist theses, such as bio-environmental determinism, are even more common.
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| 7. | Neo-environmental determinism scholars debate how much the physical environment shapes economic and political institutions.
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| 8. | Julian Steward's cultural ecology is considered a fusion of environmental determinism and Boas'historical approach.
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| 9. | Ibn Khaldun was also an adherent of environmental determinism.
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| 10. | But Boas worked more closely with Bastian, who was noted for his antipathy to environmental determinism.
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