| 1. | For the horizontal horopter this is called the Hering-Hillebrand deviation.
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| 2. | An empirical horopter can be defined following different criteria.
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| 3. | He derived, almost simultaneously with Helmholtz, the theoretical shape of the horopter.
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| 4. | This line is called the empirical horizontal horopter.
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| 5. | The horopter can be measured empirically in which it is defined using some criterion.
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| 6. | Their descriptions identified two components for the horopter for symmetrical fixation closer than infinity.
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| 7. | Subsequently Hering empirically estimated the shape horopter.
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| 8. | This is known as the horizontal geometrical horopter, or as the Vieth M�ller circle.
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| 9. | At short fixation distances, the empirical horopter is a concave parabola flatter that a circle.
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| 10. | Finally for fixation distances farther than the abathic distance the empirical horopter is a convex parabola.
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