| 1. | The Paleozoic echinoderms were globular, attached to the substrate and were orientated with their oral surfaces upwards.
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| 2. | Some also use their articulated spines to push or lever themselves along or lift their oral surfaces off the substrate.
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| 3. | They may also occur on the mandibular retromolar pad and tonsillar areas, but any oral surface may be involved.
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| 4. | The physical characteristics of this order include well separated lateral plates, which expose the oral surface of radial ossicles.
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| 5. | The left side of the larval body becomes the oral surface of the juvenile and the right side the aboral surface.
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| 6. | The oral surface with the mouth is facing upwards and is surrounded by five, often divided rays with feathery pinnules.
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| 7. | The left hand side of the larva develops into the oral surface of the juvenile while the right side becomes the aboral surface.
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| 8. | Additionally, the alpha amylase has been suggested to prevent bacterial attachment to oral surfaces and to enable bacterial clearance from the mouth.
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| 9. | The organization of the system is somewhat different in ophiuroids where the medreporite may be on the oral surface and the podia lack suckers.
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| 10. | Egg brooding is quite common and usually takes place in special chambers on their oral surfaces, but sometimes the ovary or coelom is used.
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