| 1. | The subcosta is incomplete fusing with Radial vein 1 before the apex.
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| 2. | The forewings are dark purplish-fuscous, with the radial veins slightly emphasized by darker shading.
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| 3. | The costa is interrupted near the end of Radial vein 1 and sometimes also near the humeral crossvein.
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| 4. | The Pieridae have the radial vein on the forewing with three or four branches and rarely with five branches.
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| 5. | Radial vein 2 + 3 ( R2 + 3 ) may end in R1 or end in the costa.
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| 6. | Together, these two sets of veins also collect blood from intramedullary radial veins as well as other veins.
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| 7. | Radial vein R2 does not fuse with the costa, as in most other Tipulidae, but with radial vein R3.
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| 8. | Radial vein R2 does not fuse with the costa, as in most other Tipulidae, but with radial vein R3.
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| 9. | The point d on the anterior side of the triangle marks the articulation of the radial vein with the second axillary sclerite.
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| 10. | The second axillary, therefore, is the pivotal sclerite of the wing base, and it specifically manipulates the radial vein.
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