If the ions are relatively cold, their thermal velocity will be small.
2.
The resolution of FIM is limited by the thermal velocity of the imaging ion.
3.
For non-relativistic thermal velocities, the Doppler shift in frequency will be:
4.
The gyro radius is often estimated by replacing with the thermal velocity or the Alfv�n velocity.
5.
This expression is typically valid for a plasma in which ion thermal velocities are much less than electron thermal velocities.
6.
This expression is typically valid for a plasma in which ion thermal velocities are much less than electron thermal velocities.
7.
Due to this lower thermal velocity, chemical propulsion units become exponentially less effective at higher vehicle velocities, necessitating the use of electric spacecraft propulsion such as PPTs.
8.
The simplest example is a plasma localized in an unmagnetized vacuum . ( See Inertial confinement fusion . ) Both electrons and ions will stream outward with their respective thermal velocity.
9.
Taking k _ B to be the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and m is the mass of a particle, then we can write the different thermal velocities:
10.
Nevertheless, if the drift velocity of electrons exceeds the thermal velocity of plasma, a steady state cannot be achieved and magnetic diffusivity should be much larger than what is given in the above.
