electron temperature वाक्य
उदाहरण वाक्य
मोबाइल
- The electrostatic potential ( as measured in electron-volts ) required to produce this electric field depends on many variables but is often on the order of the electron temperature.
- The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin ( K ), but using the above relation the electron temperature is often expressed in terms of the energy unit electronvolt ( eV ).
- The bias voltage is chosen to be a few times the electron temperature so that the negative electrode draws the ion saturation current, which, like the floating potential, is directly measured.
- The most common assumption is to compare power densities at the same pressure, choosing the ion temperature for each reaction to maximize power density, and with the electron temperature equal to the ion temperature.
- That is, the voltage difference between the positive and floating electrodes is proportional to the electron temperature . ( This was especially important in the sixties and seventies before sophisticated data processing became widely available .)
- The panel required all of its members to be actively engaged in relevant research, and as his first experiment, Dow chose to measure ion and electron temperatures in the ionosphere, under contract to the Air Force.
- Other fusion researchers such as Nicholas Krall, Robert W . Bussard, Because the electron has a mass and diameter much smaller than the ion, the Electron temperature can be several orders of magnitude different than the ions.
- The highest temperature plasmas were produced by four megawatt microwave heater pulses lasting one second : Plasma electron temperatures reached 100 MK, while ion temperatures reached 10 MK . More than 2, 000 pulses were conducted before shutdown.
- If the absorbing element does not have a temperature-dependent resistance, as is typical of normal ( non-superconducting ) metals at very low temperature, then an attached resistive thermometer can be used to measure the electron temperature.
- :" Derek Robinson was highly respected in Russia ever since his visit in 1968, his measurements of the electron temperature profiles in the T-3 plasma led to the beginning of active research on tokamaks all over the world.
- But then in a surprising announcement, in 1968 the USSR released data on its tokamak designs, with performance numbers ( electron temperatures of 1000 Culham Laboratory ) to bring their laser system to the Kurchatov Institute and independently measure the performance.
- C-2 results showed peak ion temperatures of 400 Electron volts ( 5 million degrees Celsius ), electron temperatures of 150 Electron volts, plasma densities of 1E-19 m " 3 and 1E9 fusion neutrons per second for 3 milliseconds.
- In it they compare the oxygen and nitrogen abundances derived from global emission-line SDSS spectra of galaxies using ( 1 ) the electron temperature method and ( 2 ) two recent strong line calibrations : the O / N and N / S calibrations.
- Electron temperature is usually expressed as electronvolt ( eV ), and 1 eV is equivalent to 11, 604 K . Common plasmas temperature and density in fluorescent light tubes and semiconductor manufacturing processes are around several eV and 10 9-12 per cm 3.
- Magnetospheric double layers typically have a strength e \ phi _ { DL } / k _ B T _ e \ approx 0.1 ( where the electron temperature is assumed to lie in the range 2 eV \ leq k _ B T _ e \ leq 20 eV ) and are therefore weak.
- Therefore, the difference between ball-pen probe and Langmuir probe potential is given by the electron temperature, coefficient \ alpha of Langmuir probe and empirical value of the ratio R of ball-pen probe ( if there is no empirical value of R it can be used an approximation R = 1 ).
- Is the plasma frequency, e is the magnitude of the electron charge, m is the electron mass, T _ e is the electron temperature ( Boltzmann's constant equal to one ), and \ gamma \ left ( \ omega \ right ) is a factor that varies with frequency from one to three.
- Thus there is a " penalty " of ( 2 / ( Z + 1 ) ) for non-hydrogenic fuels arising from the fact that they require more electrons, which take up pressure without participating in the fusion reaction . ( It is usually a good assumption that the electron temperature will be nearly equal to the ion temperature.
- Experiment instrumentation included an RF impedance probe, an ion current monitor, a retarding potential probe, a two-element and a three-element electron temperature probe, an electron current monitor, a photomultiplier-type and a microphone-type micrometeorite detector, an electric field meter, a solar horizon sensor, and thermistor temperature probes.
- The 14 instruments carried on " Nozomi " are an imaging camera, neutral mass spectrometer, dust counter, thermal plasma analyzer, magnetometer, electron and ion spectrum analyzers, ion mass spectrograph, high energy particles experiment, VUV imaging spectrometer, sounder and plasma wave detector, LF wave analyzer, electron temperature probe, and a UV scanner.
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