probabilism वाक्य
उदाहरण वाक्य
मोबाइल
- According to Herincx, the tempest that arose in the seventeenth century against Probabilism had its origin in Jansenism, for Rigorism was unknown among the theologians of the Middle Ages.
- At one time or another in the history of the Church three other opinions gained many adherents : "'Probabiliorism "', �quiprobabilism, and traditional Catholic probabilism.
- This theory was proposed by Mannier, Laloux and Potton; but it gained little support and has not yet become a rival of the old theories of probabilism, �quiprobabilism or even Probabiliorism.
- Fagnani is reproached with excessive rigour in his commentary on the chapter of the Decretals " Ne innitaris " ( Book I, De constitutionibus ), in which he combats the doctrine of probabilism.
- Adherents to Catholic probabilism hold that extrinsic authority can have sufficient weight to make an opinion solidly probable; but there is divergence of view in estimating what number of experts is able to give an opinion this solid probability.
- According to Catholic probabilism, whenever a prohibiting law is certain, the subjects of the law are bound to abstain from performing the action which the law forbids, unless they are excused by one of the ordinary exempting causes.
- This work, which appeared in two parts, opened up a storm of controversy, and in the edition of 1680 he reasserted his position in a supplement which defended moderate Probabilism against the twofold attacks of Laxists and Rigorists.
- He shows that the system of Probabilism is not altogether new, and he draws his proofs from Aquinas, Bonaventune, St . Antonine, and Scotus, although the Subtle Doctor is not so explicit on the matter as the other ancient writers.
- Reflex principles are presumptions to be applied in cases of doubt, such as the rule that where the moral right to something is unclear the law favours the person in possession . ( See Catholic Probabilism . ) Such principles are widely found in Western legal systems.
- Probabilists sometimes hold that St . Alphonsus never changed his opinion once he had discarded Probabiliorism for probabilism, though he changed his manner of expressing his view so as to exclude Laxist teaching and to give an indication of what must be regarded as a solidly probable opinion.
- Hence on their own principles they ought to admit the practical truth of probabilism . �quiprobabilists reply that extrinsic authority is of no avail when the arguments on which the authority rests have been proved to be invalid; and they claim that they have proved the invalidity of the probabilist arguments.
- If one opinion is not only less safe ( in that it goes against the law ) but also speculatively uncertain, then it is prohibited by Catholic Probabilism, until all reasonable effort has been made to remove the uncertainty, by considering the arguments on both sides and by consulting available authorities.
- Probabilism is seen by some Catholic authorities as an easy road to Laxism, because people are often inclined to regard opinions as really probable which are based on flimsy arguments, and because it is not difficult to find five or six serious authors who approve of opinions which right-minded men consider lax.
- Reflex principles are presumptions to be applied in cases of doubt, such as the rule that where the moral right to something is unclear one favours the person in possession ( cf . " chezkat mamon " ) . ( See Catholic Probabilism . ) Such principles are widely found in Western legal systems.
- The defense of probabilism aroused a storm of controversy, and among the noted anti-probabilists who engaged in the discussion may be mentioned the Bishop of Assisi ( 1798 ), Cajetan Maria de Fulgore ( 1798 ), Canon John Trinch of the Cathedral of Trivoli ( 1850 ), and Montbach ( 1857 ).
- This view gained vigour and persistence from the teaching of Alphonsus Liguori, who began his theological career as a Probabiliorist, subsequently defended probabilism, especially in a treatise entitled " Dissertatio scholastico-moralis pro usu moderato opinionis probabilis in concursu probabilioris " ( 1749, 1755 ), and finally embraced �quiprobabilism about 1762.
- The progress of casuistry was interrupted toward the middle of the 17th century by the controversy which arose concerning the doctrine of probabilism, which stipulated that one could choose to follow a " probable opinion ", that is, supported by a theologian or another, even if it contradicted a more probable opinion or a quotation from one of the Fathers of the Church.
- Hence the systems which demand a knowledge of the various degrees of probability must be discarded as practically useless, and probabilism alone must be accepted as a working system . �quiprobabilists reply that their system merely asks, that if after due investigation it is found that the less safe opinion is notably and certainly less probable than the safe opinion, the law must be observed.
- Opposed to probabilism is probabiliorism ( Latin " probabilior ", " more likely " ), which holds that when there is a preponderance of evidence on one side of a controversy one is obliged to follow that side, and tutiorism ( Latin " tutior ", " safer " ), which holds that in case of doubt one must take the morally safer side.
- Hence probabilism cannot be accepted as a satisfactory solution of the question at issue . Probabilists reply that their system can be of no use to those who do not look on it as certainly true; but the fact that many theologians do not accept it does not prevent its adherents from regarding it as certain, since these can and do believe that the arguments urged in its favour are insuperable.
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