resale price maintenance वाक्य
उदाहरण वाक्य
मोबाइल
- That is not accurate . " Motion Picture Patents " did not leave behind the remnants of " A . B . Dick " minus tie-ins and resale price maintenance.
- In 1968, the Supreme Court extended the " per se " rule against minimum resale price maintenance to maximum resale price maintenance, in " Albrecht v . Herald Co . ",.
- Since the OFT's investigation, numerous European states have challenged the legal status of rate parity ( as a form of price fixing or resale price maintenance ) including United Kingdom, Switzerland, and France.
- Second, [ a ] manufacturer with market power . . . might use resale price maintenance to give retailers an incentive not to sell the products of smaller rivals or new entrants .
- In 2010, the Office of Fair Trading ( OFT ) opened a formal investigation into allegations by an Online Travel Agent ( OTA ), Skoosh, of resale price maintenance in the hotel industry.
- Some manufacturers also defend resale price maintenance by saying it ensures fair returns, both for manufacturer and reseller and that governments do not have the right to interfere with freedom to make contracts without a very good reason.
- Six years later, Robert Bork reiterated and expanded upon Telser's argument, contending that resale price maintenance was simply one form of contractual integration, analogous to complete vertical integration, that could overcome a failure in the market for distributional services.
- This marked a dramatic shift on how attorneys and enforcement agencies address the legality of contractual minimum prices and essentially allowed the reestablishment of resale price maintenance in the United States in most ( but not all ) commercial situations.
- The case that was presented by the Competition Commission before the Competition Tribunal related to SAB s distribution system; an alleged practice of minimum resale price maintenance; an allegation of price discrimination and broad, diffuse allegations relating to abuse of dominance.
- The report was the basis for the Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1956, specifically prohibiting collective enforcement of resale price maintenance in the UK . Restrictive agreements had to be registered at the Restrictive Practices Court and were considered on individual merit.
- According to the ruling, resale price maintenance is generally illegal " per se ", but if a supplier merely says it will not deal with resellers that charge less than the supplier's stipulated price, the supplier need not deal with such a retailer.
- So-called intrabrand restraints such as resale price maintenance govern products made by a particular manufacturer, while interbrand restraints regulate a dealer s or manufacturer s relationship with its trading partner s rivals ( e . g ., " English clauses " ).
- The repeal of the resale price maintenance sanctioning law in 1980 meant that chain discounters such as Wal-Mart, KMart could set and change prices at will, in a more consumer-friendly environment where the customer can examine the goods and confirm availability before approaching sales staff.
- :( b ) There is no basis for disagreeing with the view of the California courts that the asserted state interests behind the resale price maintenance system of promoting temperance and protecting small retailers are less substantial than the national policy in favor of competition.
- It should not be confused with " Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd ", which held that the same resale price maintenance practice was unenforceable against a third party reseller as a matter of the English rule of privity of contract.
- In 1960, Lester G . Telser, an economist at the University of Chicago, argued that manufacturers could employ minimum resale price maintenance as a tool to ensure that dealers engaged in the desired promotion of a manufacturer's product through local advertising, product demonstrations, and the like.
- Others contend that minimum resale price maintenance, for instance, overcomes a failure in the market for distributional services by ensuring that distributors who invest in promoting the manufacturer's product are able to recoup the additional costs of such promotion in the price that they charge consumers.
- But some experts criticized Baxter for refusing to challenge vertical mergers _ mergers between companies and their suppliers or distributors _ and so-called vertical restraints like resale price maintenance _ the practice of dictating a price below which manufacturers would not allow wholesalers or retailers to charge.
- In " Dr . Miles Medical Co . v . John D . Park and Sons ",, the United States Supreme Court affirmed a lower court's holding that a massive minimum resale price maintenance scheme was unreasonable and thus offended Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
- In 1955, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission's report " Collective Discrimination-A Report on Exclusive Dealing, Aggregated Rebates and Other Discriminatory Trade Practices " recommended that resale price maintenance, when collectively enforced by manufacturers should be made illegal, but individual manufacturers should be allowed to continue the practice.
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