Causes of varicocele include valvular incompetence, Nutcracker syndrome, and renal cell carcinoma.
2.
When veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work ( valvular incompetence ).
3.
Normally the superficial saphenous vein will fill from below within 30 35 seconds as blood from the capillary beds reaches the veins; if the superficial veins fill more rapidly with the tourniquet in place there is valvular incompetence below the level of the tourniquet in the " deep " or " communicating " veins.
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