| 1. | In syllables reduced through stops, affricates, and other consonants.
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| 2. | Plain voiceless stops and affricates are changed to their voiced equivalent.
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| 3. | Stem-final plain stops or affricates or sonorants become glottalized.
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| 4. | In such cases the voiced palato-alveolar affricate is transcribed.
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| 5. | In such cases the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate is transcribed.
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| 6. | In German, the digraph is common, representing a labial affricate.
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| 7. | The English affricate phonemes and are generally not at a morpheme boundary.
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| 8. | The phonemicity of the affricates can be demonstrated with the minimal pairs:
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| 9. | No such variation occurs for the affricate / t?? /.
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| 10. | A number of languages have trilled affricates such as and.
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