| 1. | Proprietary estoppel is closely related to the doctrine of constructive trust.
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| 2. | This would appear to be analogous to the doctrine of estoppel.
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| 3. | The Court held that promissory estoppel could not be applied.
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| 4. | Underneath that conceptual umbrella is the concept of collateral estoppel.
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| 5. | The early cases did not speak of it as " estoppel ".
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| 6. | Another defence is that of " estoppel by representation ".
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| 7. | As a limitation on the action, estoppel blocks its vindicatory function.
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| 8. | The principle is called collateral estoppel or issue preclusion.
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| 9. | The status of estoppel by representation of fact is less clear in Australia.
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| 10. | The case was the first known instance of the concept of promissory estoppel.
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